8085 uP Instruction Set - Arithmetic Instructions

8085-MICRO PROCESSOR INSTRUCTION SETS     8085 Micro Processor is 8 bit micro processor which has some instruction sets to perform its operation. The 8085 Instruction Set comprises of five instruction sets in this micro processor.They are,         Arithmetic instructions, Logical instructions, Data transfer instructions, Branch instructions and I/O , stack, machine control group. We also divide the Instruction Set into four parts namely Arithmetic Instructions Logical Instructions Data Transfer Instructions Branch Instructions and I/O, Stack, Machine Control Group Imstructions ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS      Arithmetic instructions include some mathematical operations such as...

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Numerical Methods Using MATLAB - Newton-Raphson Method

In this post, we learn about solving Algebraic Equation using Newton's Method (or) Newton-Raphson Method. Newton's Method: Given an approximate root of an equation, a closer approximation to the root can be found using Newton's Method. Let a0 be the approximate root of the equation f(x)=0. Let a be the exact root nearer to a0. Then, a = a0 + h where h is an integer with very small value. Since a is the exact root of f(x)=0, f(a) = f(a0+h) = 0 By Taylor's expression, f(a) = f(a0+h) = f(a0) + hf'(a0) + (h^2/2!)f"(a0)+0000=0 Since, h is small, neglecting higher powers h^2, h^3,....etc, we get f(a0) + hf'(a0) = 0 h = -(f(a0)/f'(a0)) a1 = a0 + h = a0 - (f(a0)/f'(a0)) a2 = a1 + h = a1 - (f(a1)/f'(a1)) Thus, we again get a sequence of approximate roots which converges...

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Numerical Methods Using MATLAB - Method of False Position

In this post, we solve Algebraic Equations using Regular Falsi Method, also known as Method of False Position.  Regula Falsi Method:          Consider the equation f(x)=0. Let a and b be two points such that f(a)<0 and f(b)>0. The function f(x) cuts x-axis at some point between (a,f(a)) and (b,f(b)).  The equation of chord joining the two points is given by, (y-f(a))/(x-a))=(f(a)-f(b))/(a-b)          The point where the chord cuts the x-axis gives an approximate value root of f(x)=0. Hence, we substitute y=0 in the above equation to get an expression for x, as follows: x1=(af(b)-bf(a))/(f(b)-f(a))           This value of x1 gives an approximate...

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Numerical Methods using MATLAB - Iterative Method

In this post, we solve Algebraic Equations by Iterative Method,  which is also famously known as Successive Approximation Technique. What is an Iterative Method? Iterative Method: Consider the equation f(x)=0. We need to find the roots (approximate) of the equation. Let x=g(x)-------------------------(1) Firstly, assume an approximate root x0. The more accurate x0 is, the less the number of iterations for finding the exact root. We substitute x0 in (1) and get a new root x1. This process goes on and on, until we get a solution that matches the expected accuracy. We get a sequence of approximate roots. The convergence of the...

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Arduino - Beginner

     Arduino is a prototyping platform(AVR uC with some generic circuitry) with its own Software Development IDE(Arduino). Arduio-Hardware is nothing but a AVR uC with some sophisticated Bootloader program residing in it. This Bootloader  facilitates the communicaton between Arduino IDE and the Arduino Hardware.       Arduino-Hardware Arduino Duemilanove            Arduino Hardware is very simple. It contains Atmega168/328 as its CPU. Atmega168/328 uC's cannot be interfaced with USB  directly. The  FT232 IC is used for emulating a COM port. This makes the...

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Numerical Methods using MATLAB - Bisection Method

Why do we need numerical methods?           In Engineering, there are several different processes involved in a system under study. These processes are represented mathematically by their mathematical models. The models can be algebraic, trignometric, ordinary or partial differential equations. So, in order to study the static and dynamic behaviour of the system, we need to analyse the math models of the particular system. The analysis of these models is known as Numerical Analysis. Basic Tools for Numerical Analysis: 1. System of Linear Algebraic Equations 2. Eigen value problems 3. Roots of Nonlinear Equations ...

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SIRC Part I

BASICS    Wireless infrared communications refers to the use of free-space propagation of light waves in the near infrared band as a transmission medium for communication. Signals sent are encoded using a an encoding algorithm in the transmitter circuitry and is decoded and the essential information is obtained at the receiver part. IR communication is a basic form of wireless communication. It's frequency range is 32-60 KHz. There are several protocols for IR communication. Some are Sony's SIRC, Phillips RC5 protocols.  SIRC (Sony Infra Red Communication Protocol), is an IR communication protocol for...

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